Operating System: What Is It? Its functions and types

What is the Operating System

Operating-System

The computer will not be able to function properly without an operating system. The operating system is a software program that empowers computer hardware to communicate and operate with computer software. The operating system is one of the most important parts of the computer.

The operating system is capable of doing complex tasks along with Basic Tasks. An operating system can be classified as a multiuser, multiprocessing, multitasking, multithreading, and real time. The operating system ensures that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The computer operator or the user interacts with an operating system, through a set of commands. All application programs require an operating system. Additionally, the operating system optimizes computer performance.

Most of the work involved in the operating system is not taken care of because it works behind the scenes. This system is meant to manage one's network connection. Keeping in mind all the new technology, the operating system must be uploaded to support the new technology being uploaded on the computer. In essence, the operating system is the core of all computers.

What is the operating system?

Low-level software that supports basic computer tasks, such as scheduling tasks and controlling external devices.

Functions of the Operating System-

Some of the primary functions of the operating system include creating an interface for interacting between user and computer, booting a computer, configuring devices, managing network connections, and managing computer jobs.

1) User Interface:

In order to interact with computers and users, some types of user interfaces must be provided. A user interface may be based on text, such as the original dos used in the 1980s and 1990s, or it may be based on graphics.

Most personal computers and mobile devices today use a graphical user interface, also known as a GUI, which uses views such as icons, desktops, pointers and menus to access users. The basic forms of the graphical user interface include the use of checkboxes, lists and other basic forms of input. Examples of graphical user interfaces include Windows, Mac OS, and many other modern operating systems.

2) Booting the Computer

Another task of the operating system involves booting the computer. This process occurs when a CPU (if it is in a multi-core processor, one is specified) that contains the bootstrap processor (BSP), which initiates the basic input/output system (BIOS), in which the instruction There is a set that tells the computer how to do the boot-up. The BIOS chip asks the computer to view the boot loader. The work of the boot loader is to start the operating system. It does this by searching the kernel, which contains the operating system, and loads it into memory. BIOS also performs a power-on-self-test (POST). POST ensures that all the functions and components of the computer are working properly before startup.



Types Of Operating System 

A) Operating Systems for Personal Computers:

1) Buffering and Spooling:

Part of the operating system used with most printers is buffering. This part can be in RAM (Random Access Memory) or hard drive. This area is meant to keep input and output while exiting the system. Although many people are familiar with loading when streaming video and music, it can also be known as the temporary form of memory. While a buffer is doing its job, the CPU can change the data before relocking to any other devices. When the item is placed in a buffer, which is awaiting the return, then it is called spooling. With buffers being used with the printer, spooling often refers to print spooling. Many college campuses have print spooling, which enables a printer to send multiple print jobs at one go. These multiple documents can be sent from one or more computers. While it is spooling, there is a print queue, where all the documents waiting for the print can be stored until they are printed. Spooling is a very useful tool because where a device can not run as fast as the documents are sent to it in speed, it works as a waiting area in the meantime.

2) DOS:

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DOS (disk operating system) was the major operating system for microcomputers in the early 1980s and early 1990s. The first version of DOS was developed for IBM. DOS is a simple operating system, but it does not use a graphical user interface and does not support the modern processor, which is why it is no longer used. Some computers may still run on the dos command, but the user needs to know itThat's how to input the command using the command prompt window.

This non-graphical operating system was originally written by Tim Paterson and it was introduced in August 1981. The last DOS system to be released was MS-DOS 6.22 in 1994. DOS systems used a command line instead of GUI (graphical user interface), allowing users to navigate, open files and perform other functions.

Today, people use a mouse to navigate the computer and to complete the command, but there was a command-line interface with DOS, in which a file was opened after entering a specific command in one command or Programs were run.

Later, software programs were created with the menu-based or icon-based interface for convenience. Although the DOS system is not used, the command shell, which is now called the Windows Command Line, is still used today.

3) Windows:

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Windows is a series of operating systems designed by Microsoft. The first two versions of the Windows operating system were introduced in 1985 and 1987, respectively, which were very basic.

In Windows 1.0, there were basic tasks such as MS Paint and Word Processor, and in Windows 2.0 there were very few rationed versions of Word and Excel. Windows was not popular until its third release in 1990. Windows 3.0 saw an increase in graphics, "multi-task" and (for the first time) the capacity of virtual memory. It was so popular that it remained in the market for eleven years. The next big improvement came with Windows 95, which extended from 16-bit to 32-bit. Windows 2000 was known to increase plug-in devices that were analogous to the operating system. In Windows XP or Windows 2001, a comprehensive help center was included to allow users to access various types of media and it was designed mostly for ease and convenience of the user.

The main feature of Windows Vista is the instant search at the bottom of the Start menu. Then Windows 7 came in and improved mainly to make it faster and easier to use.

The most recent version of Windows is Windows 10, which came out at the end of July 10, 2015. The new windows will allow you to do more than one thing at a time. It also allows you to search for a new method and there is a way to open the Windows Store from your home page. Windows is the most commonly used operating system and it is used on almost 90% of all personal computers.

4) Mac OS:

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Apple Corporation's registered operating system is known as Mac OS. There are many different branches originating from the Mac OS X family. It was mainly based on UNIX due to its standard interface and graphics look. Mac OS X Snow Leopard was the primary operating system, followed by Mac OS X Mountain Lion, which is the newest and largest version of the Mac operating system. Mac OS has the capabilities of multithreading and multitasking. It also has a 64-bit processor that runs with applications that are used with 64-bit software. Many fantastic features of Mac OS X make it easy for students, teachers, and parents to easily create an easy working environment with easy access to many files.

Mac OS is also known for its great graphics features which are popular for art users. Launchpad and mission control users with dashboards and desktop Bird-Eye views make it easy for beginners applications. Apple launched a new operating system named OS X Yosemite in 2014, in which several methods were given along with a designated interface to activate users in their Apple devices.

El Capitan was released in 2015, followed by Sierra in 2016 and High Sierra in 2017.

 

5) UNIX:

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UNIX was trademarked in 1969 by a group of AT & T employees in Bell Labs as a multitasking and multi-user computer operating system. UNIX can support systems ranging from microcomputers to mainframe with various devices.

Because UNIX is used to classify the categories of computers, so this is a great advantage. However, it is more expensive than most operating systems, and it is very difficult to maintain the upgrade. While working on a computer, UNIX is widely known for its simplicity and simplicity, so various companies use a spin-off of UNIX as their operating system, such as Mac OS X.

UNIX Worldwide X / Open Company's XPG4 combines Single UNIX Specification with the IEEE POSIX standard. With single UNIX specification, Unix defines this product in the specification of four parts, product, trademark, and technique are still due to its success, even if it was separated from AT & T and became lonely.

It allowed the specification of an open consensus that is essential for UNIX systems. UNIX was one of the first operating systems written in high-level programming languages ​​and could possibly be installed on any computer. This high-level programming language was developed by Dennis Ritchie in Bell Labs, which also features various appsAllows to use more flexible language in lection, thus it is very beneficial for businesses.

It allows for a lot of people to be a huge fan of UNIX and actually many universities use it for this reason. It was never used in the home computer business, but this is the number one choice for the workstation. Source languages ​​are open, so if anyone has this understanding then they can change it according to their needs.

6) Linux:

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Linux is an open source, portable, multi-user (many users can use system resources such as memory /RAM/application programs at the same time), multiprogramming, an operating system that was first released by Linus Torvald in October 1991...

It is very similar to other operating systems, such as Windows and OS X, and is available for a source public, allowing users to download Linux through the internet and have the ability to run another operating system on their PC or Mac... No other company has done this before. The system consists of the primary three components: kernel (the main part of Linux), system library (special function or program), and system utility (special, responsible for doing personal level tasks).

Linux is one of the leading operating systems on servers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers. Linux is used in many popular electronic devices, such as mobile phones, tablet computers, network router, feature automation control, TV and video game consoles. This system is widely used by local and national governments. The US Navy's latest warship, armed with missiles and robot guns, is powered by Linux, Spain is using Linux in education, and China uses Linux to gain freedom of technology. Linux affiliates are continually improving in the system.

 

7) Chrome OS:

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Chrome OS is an open-source operating system by Google that is designed to create a better computing experience for those who spend most of the time on the web. On June 15, 2011, notebooks were launched to the public using Chrome OS, built by Chrome, the first Chromebook using Chrome OS, Samsung, and Acer. Today, Chromebooks are made by many other computer companies including HP, Toshiba, Asus, and Dell. The main reason why Chrome OS is different from other operating systems is that it allows user data and applications to be stored in the cloud, less space on computer hardware. By not storing files and data on the system, this gives the Chromebook the ability to boot quickly. Which in turn helps to prevent the virus; It creates a more secure and efficient laptop overall. Because of this, many Chromebooks have the same amount of memory and RAM as the average of the average smartphone, however, Google supplies each user with one hundred gigabytes of Google Drive cloud storage for two years.



When buying a computer, many things should be taken into account. One of the biggest factors should be aware of which operating system the computer uses. Different operating systems have different features in line with user requirements. If a small laptop is watching a computer, they can consider Google Chromebooks, which uses Chrome OS.

It is a good idea to pay attention to the advances and disadvantages of the operating system of the computer before making a purchase. Like all operating systems, Chrome OS has both advantages and disadvantages. A positive feature is that Chrome OS is based on Linux, which is virtually virus-free, which means that users will be protected from threats. Another big feature is its ability to boot faster, usually loads within just ten seconds.

It allows different users to configure it differently according to their needs, and save each person's data individually, creates privacy for each user. One aspect of this operating system is that it does not allow the installation of new apps. Users are required to use the web-based application instead, which they can find in the Chrome Web Store.

Another feature which is the lack of a Chromebook is a user's a freely printing option. To print something, a cloud print should be a printed printer. In this, you can not simply plug it in to print from the existing printer, which can be an annoyance. Another feature that may seem inconvenient is that the Chromebook requires the Internet to do most of its work. Users who have tasks like editing videos or making movies may find that Chromebooks are not for them. It seems that there are advantages and disadvantages to Chrome OS, and anyone should keep in mind what operating systems will be according to their needs.

B) Operating Systems for Mobile Phones

The operating system for mobile phones

There are many different operating systems for mobile phones and devices, but the six most used stands are the most used. These are Android, Asha, Blackberry, iOS, Windows Phone, and Windows RT.

1) Android:

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Android is a free and open source operating system provided by Google. Since the release of Android 2.0, this operating system can be used on phones and tablets. After the introduction of the HTC Dream, the number of mobile devices capable of running on the Android operating system increased, Android's worldwide market grew significantly and now the global smartphone phone market reached 52.5%.

 

2) Asha:

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Asha is used by Nokia phones. Speaking of software and component capability, these smartphones are at the lower end. Due to low capacity, Nokia smartphones are usually the cheapest that enables them to compete with high-end smartphones.

 

3) Blackberry:

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BlackBerry's operating system is called BlackBerry 10. It is a closed source operating system for smartphones and tablet devices. BlackBerry tablet OS is the latest operating system developed by BlackBerry for tablet devices. There are only features in the BlackBerry operating system, which are on a smartphone: email access, web browsing, phone calls, music, and video playing and sending and receiving text messages.

Most models are not touch screens, with the exception of Storm and Torch. Instead of a touch screen, a trackball or trackpad is the hardware used for navigation. Due to not having a touch screen, the operating system does not require much battery life to process and therefore this phone lasts longer than others.

BlackBerry has many buttons, including a Blackberry button, back button, call, and end button, 1 or 2 conference keys and a full keyboard. The Blackberry Button is designed for easy integration, such as sharing a photo via email. It's about communicating instead of system, games, and apps. It offers an email software that "pushes" the email directly to the user's phone, which saves the battery and provides the most current information.

The lack of such a smartphone is that its customization is very limited. Only the function of the wallpaper and some buttons can be changed. It does not have a wide selection of apps like "widgets" or Android phones. Altogether, this operating system is easy for productivity, but it is behind its competitors in the wide selection of applications.

 

4) iOS:

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Apple is Apple's operating system for Apple, Apple's iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, and second-generation Apple TV. This operating system is the closed source and not as long as the iOS 2.0 was not officially supported third-party applications. Before this update, the only way to allow third-party applications to access a user's iOS device was jailbreaking. Until September 2015, iOS is in its 9th iteration. It was introduced in Apple's product conference in the fall of 2015 in conjunction with the new iPad.

iOS is known for its colorful graphics, and its user interface is easy to understand. It is said that this was made as an OS for mobile devices, and thus was designed primarily for content that is dominating completely, unlike creating content. Like Apple's new iPad is designed for both creating and creating content, iOS needs to be upgraded accordingly. The latest version includes the ability to split screen Multi-Tasks for the application at the same time as a laptop. In addition, it includes newly built applications as well as upgrading existing applications. Apple Maps now includes public transport, and more apps can integrate with the cloud.

Siri, a "personal assistant" has also been upgraded to work more, and to integrate additional applications such as a picture. Finally, there are new multi-touch gestures created in the system. These help the user in typing, project editing, taking notes, emailing and other tasks related to laptop computers. Generally, iOS 9 is designed to create content rather than just consumption.

5) Windows Phone:

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Windows Phone has been developed by Microsoft as a closed source operating system for mobile phones. This allows users to remotely access Microsoft SkyDrive, Office, Xbox and other Microsoft programs.

Windows Phone devices are mostly made by Nokia, HTC, Samsung and Huawei. On April 14, 2014, Microsoft released its latest mobile operating system, Phone 8.1. In the new operating system, Cortana was a new feature with a personal assistant similar to Apple's Siri. There was also an upgrade to OS, performance and boot time.

 

6) Windows RT:

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Windows RT is also developed by Microsoft but it is used on tablet devices. This version looks like an operating system Windows 8 developed by Microsoft for Windows. This is also a close source.

 

7) Symbian OS:

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The Symbian OS logo is now in the form of its dwindling empire.

It was an OS that was totally above the rest of the others, before being completely out of the race. This is due to the increasingly competitive and more simplified operating system.

The name of this OS is Symbian, and between 2000-10 it has partnered with Nokia, a company that cheaperExcellence in providing a large cell phone unit. Symbian company Psion emerged from the ashes of an unsuccessful PDA company, which focused its attention on the development of mobile OS with funding shares from organizations like Motorola and Ericsson, while the biggest funding stake was always Nokia's. Unfortunately, between the more complex code (which was comparable to the development and development of Windows and Mac), and Nokia changed its loyalty to Windows, Symbian said its last goodbye in mid-2013.

C) Network Operating System (NOS) 

A network operating system (NOS) is a computer operating system designed primarily to support workstations, personal computers and, in some instances, the old terminal, which is connected to a local area network (LAN).

Types of Network Operating System 

Examples of network operating are Artisoft's fantastic, Banyan Vines, Novell's NetWare, and Microsoft's LAN Manager.

 

D) RTOS: Real-Time Operating System 

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system that guarantees a certain capability within a given specified time. For example, an operating system can be designed to ensure that a certain object is available for robots on an assembly line. Usually called "hard" real-time operating system, if calculation is not being made to make the object available at a specified time, then the operating system will end with a failure. In the "soft" real-time operating system, the assembly line will continue to work, but the production output may be low because the objects failed to arrive at their specified time so that the robot will be temporarily unproductive

Some real-time operating systems are designed for a particular application and other common objectives. Some current general-purpose operating systems claim to be a real-time operating system. To a lesser extent, almost any general-purpose operating system such as Microsoft's Windows 2000 or IBM OS / 390 can be evaluated for its real-time operating system properties. This means, even if an operating system does not qualify, then it may contain features that can be considered as a solution to a particular real-time application problem.